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History:
Greek

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The Graeco-Roman Period - 332-641 BC

Macedonian Kings

• Alexander the Great - 332-323 BC.

• Philip Arrhidaeus

• Alexander IV

Ptolemaic Dynasty 305-30 BC 

During this period the Ptolemy's would struggle with the Seleucid Dynasty in Syria for control of Palestine.

• Ptolemy I - 305-282 BC.

• Ptolemy II (Philadelphus) 285-247 BC.
  
  Ordered the translation of the Hebrew Law into Greek called the Septuagint (LXX). See the Letter of Aristide (Charlesworth 1985, 7-34). The LXX was the Bible of the early church.

• Ptolemy III - 246-222 BC.

• Ptolemy IV - 222-205 BC.

• Ptolemy V - 205-180 BC.
  
  In 192 BC peace was made with Syria when he married Cleopatra I, the daughter of Antioch the Great.
  
  Rosetta Stone - In 1799 a French officer of engineers in Napoleon's army found a black basalt stone with writing on it at Fort Julien in Rosetta, Egypt. It had three languages on it; Egyptian Hieroglyphics, Demotic, and Greek. From this Champollion was able to decipher Egyptian Hieroglyphs. It tells the Decree of Memphis which is the decree of Ptolemy V in his 9th year in 196 BC. ANE 1, fig.72.

• Ptolemy VI - 180-164, 163-145 BC.
  
  Declared war on Antioch IV who defeated Ptolemy VI in battle near Pelusium in 170 BC. Antioch IV returned in 169 BC, but Rome stopped him. In Palestine the Maccabean revolt broke out in 167 BC. See I Maccabees. Hasmonean Dynasty ruling in Palestine.

• Ptolemy VII - 145 BC.

• Ptolemy VIII - 170-163, 145-116 BC.
  
  Ruled in Alexandria at the same time as Ptolemy VI who ruled in Memphis.

• Ptolemy IX - 116-107, 88-80 BC.

• Ptolemy X - 110-88 BC.

• Ptolemy XI - 80 BC.

• Ptolemy XII - 80-58, 55-51 BC.

• Queen Berenice IV - 58-55 BC.

• Queen Cleopatra VII - 51-30 BC.
  
  Cleopatra VII became Queen at age 17. She married her elder brother Ptolemy XIII who plotted to kill her. She fled to Syria, and returned with an army. After the battle of Pharalus in 48 BC. Pompey fled to Egypt from Julius Caesar. Pompey was assassinated. Julius Caesar favored Cleopatra ruling over Ptolemy XIII who then besieged the Romans on Pharos island, but was drowned in the battle. Cleopatra married her younger brother Ptolemy XIV, but had a son by Julius Caesar named Ptolemy XV Caesarion. When Julius Caesar was assassinated in 44 BC, Octavian and Anthony struggled for power which culminated in the Battle of Actium in 31 BC. Anthony broke off the fight to follow Cleopatra's ships to Egypt. The next year Octavian came with an army to Egypt (30 BC). Cleopatra committed suicide, and Anthony fell on his sword. Thus ended the last Dynasty of Egypt.

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